Justin Charles Hilder, 1882 , 1884

Below also see: Justin Claude Hilder, 1887,
Justin Claude Hilder, 1897 – Indecent assault,
James Hilliar, 1898 – Sodomy,
Justin Claude Hilder, 1904,
Frank West, 1906,
Justin Claude Hilder, 1907,
Justin Claude Hilder, 1908

 

Evening News, Sat 30 Dec 1882 ¹

GOVERNMENT GAZETTE.
————
Friday, December 29.

    APPOINTMENTS.—
…
    Justin C Hilder, teacher, provisional school, Spring Ridge;

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The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, Thu 3 Apr 1884 ²

LOCAL NEWS.
————

…
    Teachers Promoted.—The Gazette of Tuesday publishes a list of teachers who gained promotion by examination in December last. We find in it the following names:—
…
    Justin C Hilder, Quipolly Creek, 3B;

 

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Justin Charles Hilder, 1887

The Daily Telegraph, Tue 25 Jan 1887 ³

POLICE.
———

…

———
ALLEGED CRIMINAL LIBEL.

    In the summons division of the Water Police Court yesterday, before Mr Addison, SM, William Terry Cowper was charged with maliciously publishing of one Justin C Hilder, a defamatory libel, knowing the same to be false. At the time it was alleged the libel was published both the complainant and the defendant were employed on the staff of the Globe, but since the writing of the libel Mr Hilder had been dismissed from that office. When in the witness box he explained that that was not on account of the charge made against him by the defendant, but for making an accusation against a member of the reporting staff. The prosecutor emphatically denied the truth of the accusation made against him, but the defendant, when before Mr Westlake, the sub-editor of the Globe, asserted that the charge was true. Mr Hilder was present and treated the matter very lightly. Mr Westlake said that if an accusation of that nature were made respecting himself he should give the boy in charge or do something to prove his innocence. Me Hilder said he would look into the matter, and some time afterwards the boy was arrested at the instigation of Mr Hilder. Evidence was called for the defence. Cowper was committed to take his trial at the next Quarter Sessions. Justin C Hilder was then charged with committing an abominable offence on William Terry Cowper, and was remanded till the following day.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The Sydney Morning Herald, Tue 25 Jan 1887 ⁴

ALLEGED CRIMINAL LIBEL.
———◦———

    A somewhat remarkable case of alleged criminal libel was heard at the Water Police Court yesterday morning, before Mr Addison, SM, when William Terry Cowper, a youth of 15, was charged on remand with maliciously publishing a defamatory libel on Justin C Hilder, knowing the same to be false. The prosecutor and defendant were, until recently, in the employ of the Globe Newspaper Co, and the charge arose out of certain statements made by the defendant in a letter to the sub-editor of the Globe, in which he charged the prosecutor with having attempted to commit a criminal assault on him. Mr TC Richards and Harry Levien appeared for the prosecution, and Mr Hill for the defence. Evidence was taken at some length, and the prosecutor totally denied the charges contained in the letter.

    Mr [EC] Westlake, ⁵ sub-editor of the Globe, stated that the defendant first made the charge verbally, and afterwards, at witness’s request, put it in writing. Mr Addison expressed his intention of sending the case for trial, as the publication of the libel had been proved, but the defendant, by the advice of his solicitor, pleaded not guilty, and called witnesses for the defence. Evidence was taken as to defendant’s character, and a member of the Globe staff gave evidence with a view to substantiating the charge made by the defendant. The defendant was committed for trial at the quarter sessions, bail being granted, self in £100, and two sureties in £50 each.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The Sydney Morning Herald, Wed 2 Feb 1887 ⁶

NEWS OF THE DAY.
———◦———

…
    The Attorney-General has declined to prosecute in the case of the Queen v. William Terry Cowper, who was committed for trial on the 24th January last, at the Water Police Court, on a charge of libelling Justin Claud Hilder, who was lately connected with the Globe newspaper. The libel complained of was an allegation that Hilder had been guilty of an abominable offence.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Queanbeyan Age, Thu 3 Feb 1887 ⁷

SYDNEY.

Wednesday, 10 am.

…
    The Attorney-General has decided [not] to prosecute WT Cowper, committed on a charge of libelling Justin Claud [sic] Hilder of the Globe,

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The Sydney Morning Herald, Tue 5 Apr 1887 ⁸

LAW REPORT.
———◦———

…

METROPOLITAN QUARTER SESSIONS.

…
    The following is the list of cases set down for trial to-day:—Justin Claude Hilder, indecent assault;

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The Daily Telegraph, Wed 6 Apr 1887 ⁹

QUARTER SESSIONS.
Tuesday, April 5.
(Before his Honor District Court Judge
Backhouse.)

    Mr Healey prosecuted on behalf of the Crown.
…

ALLEGED INDECENT ASSAULT.

    Justin Claude Hilder was charged with an indecent assault on a lad named William Terry Cowper, both the accused and prosecutor were employed at the Globe Newspaper Office, where the crime was alleged to have been committed. The accused was found not guilty, and accordingly discharged.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The Sydney Morning Herald, Wed 6 Apr 1887 ¹⁰

METROPOLITAN QUARTER SESSIONS.
Tuesday.
(Before his Honor Mr District Court Judge
Backhouse.)

    The sittings of the Metropolitan Court of Quarter Sessions were continued at the Courthouse, Darlinghurst, to-day.
    Mr PJ Healey acted as Crown Prosecutor.

FINE REMITTED.

    His Honor remitted the fine of 40s which was imposed upon a juror named James Steenson, jun, tailor, of 663, George-street, on Monday, for non-attendance, the latter having given satisfactory reasons for his absence.
…

CHARGE OF INDECENT ASSAULT.

    Justin Claud Hilder, a respectably-attired man, was charged with committing an indecent assault upon a boy named William Terry Cowper, upon the 31st December last. The prosecutor and the prisoner were employed in the office of the Globe newspaper, in this city, where the alleged indecent assault took place. It may be stated that Hilder had preferred a charge of criminal libel against the boy, who was committed for trial at the police court, but the Attorney-General declined to prosecute. After Cowper was arrested on the charge of criminal libel, the present proceedings were instituted against Hilder. A number of witnesses were called for the defence, after which the jury retired to consider their verdict. After deliberating for about an hour, the prisoner was found not guilty. He was at once discharged. Mr W Coonan defended Hilder.

 

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Justin Claude Hilder, 1897

Evening News, Sat 15 May 1897 ¹¹

A JOURNALIST COMMITTED
————

    PEAK HILL, Saturday.—At the police court yesterday JC Hilder, journalists, was committed for trial at Forbes on July 6 on two separate charges of obtaining money under false pretences by valueless cheques. Both cheques, it was alleged, were drawn on the AJS Bank, Limited, Parkes, and signed JC Hilder. The prisoner is supposed to be a representative of a Sydney weekly journal. He was also committed for trial at Forbes on July 6 charged with assault on a boy named J[ohn] McCarthy at Peak Hill on May 7.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Evening News, Thu 8 Jul 1897 ¹²

BREVITIES.
———◦———

…
    The Forbes Quarter Sessions were resumed yesterday.
…
    Justin Charles Hilder, on three charges of false pretences, pleaded guilty. All the prisoners found guilty were remanded for sentence.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The Sydney Morning Herald, Thu 8 Jul 1897 ¹³

COUNTRY NEWS.
———◦———
FORBES QUARTER SESSIONS.
———

Forbes, Wednesday.

    The Quarter Sessions were resumed at 9 o’clock this morning. William and John Wetherstone, charged with breaking and entering a dwelling, were found guilty; William Arran, charged with stealing chaff, pleaded guilty; Charles Cowan, charged with the same offence, was found guilty; Isaac Wakefield, charged with inflicting grievous bodily harm, was found guilty of common assault; Elizabeth White, charged with stealing fowls, was found not guilty; Justin Charles Hilder, on three charges of false pretences, pleaded guilty. All the prisoners found guilty were remanded for sentence.
…

Forbes, Tuesday.

    The Quarter Sessions were opened to-day before Judge Coffey, Mr Murray prosecuting.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Forbes and Parkes Gazette, Fri 9 Jul 1897 ¹⁴

FORBES QUARTER SESSIONS.
———◦———
Tuesday, 6th July, 1897.
(Before His Honor Judge Coffey.)

    Mr Murray Crown Prosecutor.
…

FORGING, UTTERING, AND INDECENT ASSAULT.

    Justin Charles Hilder, on two charges of forging and uttering cheques, one for £3 and one for £1, at Peak Hill on May 10th, pleaded guilty on both charges. To a third charge of indecent assault on a male person he pleaded not guilty.

    The Crown Prosecutor said he was not prepared to go on with the case. His Honor therefore remanded the prisoner. He was also remanded for sentence in the cases of forgery. Before leaving the dock prisoner handed to His Honor several references as to his character, which His Honor said he would read before sentencing him.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Forbes and Parkes Gazette, Tue 13 Jul 1897 ¹⁵

FORBES QUARTER SESSIONS.
———◦———
Wednesday, 7th July, 1897.
(Before His Honor Judge Coffey.)

    Mr Murray Crown Prosecutor.
…

————
SENTENCES.

    When sentencing the undermentioned prisoners His Honor made the following remarks:—
…
    Justin C Hilder pleaded guilty to two charges of false pretences—forging and uttering cheques for small amounts, and said he had handed in a written statement.

    John Thompson, Gaoler, Forbes, and Dr EP McDonnell, Government Medical Officer, were called and stated that accused was in the habit of taking heavy doses of bromide of potassium for epilepsy, and the latter stated what the effects of the drug would be on a man so suffering who was addicted to drink.

    His Honor in sentencing accused said the fact of being sentenced would be a punishment to a man who had occupied such positions, but in order that he should have medical attendance, and an opportunity to get over the craving for drink, he thought the best thing he could do was to send him to gaol for such a term, that the craving would leave him, but that if he relapsed he could expect no mercy.

    He was sentenced to six months hard labour in Forbes Gaol on each charge, sentences concurrent.

    This concluded the business of the Quarter Sessions.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Justin Charles Hilder, Gaol photo sheet ¹⁶ 

---

Gaol Photo Sheet - Transcribed Details

No. 1189
Bathurst

Date when Portrait was taken: 12th August 1897

Name: Justin Charles Hilder
(aka James Hillar, Justin Charles Hilla)

Native place: England Year of birth: 1851 Arrived       Ship: Windsor Castle in Colony }   Year: 1872 Trade or occupation previous to conviction  } School teacher Religion: C of E Education, degree of: R & W Height: 5' 6¾" Weight     On committal: 135 in lbs     } On discharge: Colour of hair: Brown Colour of eyes: Blue

Marks or special features: Faint tattoo marks left forearm, scar on right shin

(No. of previous Portrait ... )  CONVICTIONS
Where and When				Offence.	Sentence
Forbes Q.S Young CC * Barraba PC Cowra PC Temora PC  Wyalong PC Bathurst PC Moruya PC Bathurst CC	7   6   2   8 20   7 27   9 15	7 10   9   1   7   5   1   3 10	1897 1898 1904 1906 1906 1907 1908 1908 1908	False pretences (2 charges) 1) Buggery Sodomy  2) Indecent assault on a male person False pretences 2 Charges False pretences Drunk False pretences Drunk False pretences  False pretences (2 charges)	6 months HL on each charge. Con 7 years PS 5 years PS  |  Concurrent 3 months HL £10 or 3 months HL  |  Acc £2 or 14 days HL 2/6 or Rising of the Court £5 or 3 weeks HL 12/6 or 3 days LL. Paid fine £5-6-0 or 2 months HL 9 months HL 9 months HL  |  Acc
James Hilliar, Justin Charles Hilder – Transferred to Parramatta [gaol] 29-10-1908
* Two other similar charges not proceeded with.

 

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James Hilliar, 1898

The Grenfell Record and Lachlan District Advertiser, Sat 24 Sep 1898 ¹⁷

LOCAL NEWS
———
GRENFELL POLICE COURT
————
Tuesday

    Before Mr [Timothy] Foley, PM., and Messrs Vaughan and T[homas] Bembrick.
…
    The Bench then proceeded to the investigation of a series of charges of an abominable nature, the evidence given being most revolting. The Police Magistrate very properly said, in the interests of decency and morality, the public should withdraw. The accused, a private school master at Balabla, was committed, on three charges, to take his trial at the Circuit Court at Young, on 3rd October next. Other cases were not proceeded with.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Depositions for James Hilliar 6 Oct 1898 Young trial ¹⁸
 

(a) Town.	Letter from Bench of Magistrates at (a) Grenfell
	transmitting Depositions
(b) Name in full of accused.	in the case Regina v. (b) James Hilliar
(c) Offence.	(c) The abominable crime of buggery on one Kenneth Augustus McKenzie
(d) Town.	Police Office, (d) Grenfell
	20th September1898
	Sir,
	I have the honor, by direction of the Bench of Magistrates,
	to transmit herewith the Depositions, and other documents in the
(e) Name of accused	case of (e) James Hilliar
(f) “His” or “her”	who has been committed to take (f) his
(g) “Circuit Court,” or  “Quarter Sessions.”	trial at the (g) Circuit Court
	to be held at (h) Young	on Monday
(h) Town where Court  to be held.	the 3rd day of October 1898
	The accused is (i) confined at the gaol at Young. Bail refused.
(i) “Is confined in the  Gaol at …,” or “has been admitted to bail” (with full particulars as to sureties, addresses, occupations, and amounts, as set out in Recognizance.)
(k) As in Recognizance, both for Crown and defence, specifying also what witnesses gave evidence but were not bound over, with reason for omission.	The Witnesses bound over are (k) Constable Thomas Cornelius Dixon, Kenneth Augustus McKenzie, John Donald McKenzie.
(l) Short description to enable identification.	The Exhibits enclosed are (l) Nil
	I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient Servant,
	[Signed] [George] T[heophilus] S[aunders] Boileau
	Clerk of Petty Sessions
The Secretary,
Attorney General’s Department.
N.B.– When a Police Constable acts as Clerk of Petty Sessions, this letter should be signed by one of the Committing Magistrates
4g 201-90

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

New South Wales Post and Telegraph.
Colonial and Intercolonial Lines.

Telegram from: Grenfell Station
Addressed to: The Clerk of the Peace, Chancery Square, Sydney.

Regina versus Hilliar in reply to your wire the assaults were made on the boy McKenzie in the month of April and August this year. Will furnish information required regarding boy West tomorrow morning.

[Signed] W Roberts, Senior Sergeant, Grenfell.

[On the reverse of the above is the following]

    Offences charged in indict. as having taken place on 1st April, 20th April, 1st August. These were days on which pupils would ordinarily attend at school.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(M., 11 and 12 Vict., Cap. 42.)

Depositions of Witnesses.

To Wit.

The examination of Kenneth Augustus McKenzie of (?) in the Colony of New South Wales, John Donald McKenzie and Constable Thomas C Dixon of Bimbi in the said Colony, taken on oath this 20th day of September in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety eight at Grenfell in the Colony aforesaid, before the undersigned, two of Her Majesty’s Justices of the Peace for the said Colony, in the presence and hearing of James Hilliar who is charged this day before us (T Foley, Esquire PM and Thomas Bembrick Esquire JP) for that he the said James Hilliar on the ----- day of ----- at Balabla in the said Colony, did commit the crime of buggery on one Kenneth Augustus McKenzie.

1

This deponent Thomas Cornelius Dixon on his oath says as follows:–

    I am a Police Constable and reside at Bimbi. From enquiries subsequently made I further charged the prisoner this morning with committing an unnatural offence, to wit, the abominable crime of buggery with Kenneth Augustus McKenzie at the school at Balabla. Have no fixed date. I cautioned the accused in the usual way, the accused made no reply to the charge. I remember arresting the accused on the 3rd September and at the

2

time I was bringing some things in to the lock up. Accused pointed out to me a bottle of white powder and mentioned it was bromide of potassium. Accused took a drink on the road.

[Signed] TC Dixon.

Taken and sworn before us at Grenfell this 20th September 98.
[Signed] T Foley, PM., Thomas Bembrick JP.

3

This deponent John Donald McKenzie on his oath, says as follows:–

    I am a grazier and reside at Richlands, nr [near] Thuddungra. I know the accused. I used with others to send my children to his school. I have a son named Kenneth Augustus McKenzie. He used to go to school to the accused. My son made no complaint to me directly but he did so indirectly. In consequence of that I communicated with the Police and Constable Dixon came to us. I have known the accused since about January last. I knew nothing against him before this, but he came amongst us as a stranger into the district.

4

Accused came to me first and I sent him to Mr West and Mr Spring.

    No questions.

[Signed] John D McKenzie.

Taken and sworn before us at Grenfell this 20 September 98.
[Signed] T Foley, PM., Thomas Bembrick JP.

5

This deponent Kenneth Augustus McKenzie on his oath, says as follows:–

    I am a schoolboy and reside at Richlands, near Thuddungra with my parents. I was 11 years old last Christmas and I know the accused. I used to go to his school. He used to keep me in, sometimes for arithmetic and sometimes for tables. Accused used to take down my trousers and take spit from his mouth. He used to shove his finger up our bottoms. He used to used put his thing up my bottom. He used to take me over to the form and desk. He used to stretch my legs out across the form.

6

The others were Tim West, Steel Spring, Vivian West and Leslie McKenzie he. They never saw accused doing it to me. Accused did it to them. Accused used to put my legs across the desk and used to shove his thing up my bottom. Accused hurt me and did it to me 4 or 5 times, I think, in the school. I told one of the Regans to tell Millie first it was Millie Regan I told him to tell my Uncle Thomas. I did not tell my father as I did not know what to say. I did not know the accused was doing wrong by doing this to me. I do

7

not remember any dates. It is about a month since accused last did this thing to me. I think accused told me not to tell anybody, I am not sure.

    Accused did this to me one day at 11 o’clock and another day at 3 o’clock. This was at the school. The other boys were out playing. I was not out playing. The accused kept me in. The boys used to go out to play at 11 o’clock and at 3 o’clock.

    The school doors on these occasions were closed. There was one door in our school and two in the other.

8

Mr Hilliar closed the doors. The boy William Regan I asked to tell my Uncle Thomas was not a school boy. I did not mention it to the school boys as I did not think they would mention it if I did. The windows are cross boarded and the other had wire netting over it. I could see through the wire netting into the school. Doors were always kept closed, it was not strange to see the doors closed at Recess time. I know that Mr Hilliar has done this to Tim West, Vivian West and Leslie McKenzie because they were talking about it one day.

9

This was about 2 months ago. I can read and write. There are sometimes 29 days in a month, sometimes 30 and sometimes 31. When I say it was about 2 months ago I have a fair idea how long back it was. I think Thomas West started talking first. None of the other boys thought it was wrong. I told William Regan that accused was rude to us. He is 16 years of age. I have no seen any boy at the school doing this to any other boy or anyone else. Mr Hilliar did not scold me often. Mr Hilliar accused me of taking a knife from the mail box. I afterwards admitted having taken it. Mr Hilliar

10

accused me of taking lollies out of the school but I did not do it. I do not like or dislike Mr Hilliar. I have been to school at Mr Hilliar’s since I told Willie Regan. It was more than 2 days before the Constable took Hilliar that I told. It was about 3 weeks after I got the caning, I think. It was 2 or 3 days after the Constable took Hilliar that my father spoke to me.

[Signed] Kenneth A McKenzie.

Taken and sworn before us at Grenfell this 20 September 98.
[Signed] T Foley, PM., Thomas Bembrick JP.

11

(N., 11 & 12 Vic., Cap.42.)

Statement of the Accused.

New South Wales,
TO WIT.                       }

James Hilliar stands charged before the undersigned, two of Her Majesty’s Justices of the Peace in and for the Colony aforesaid, this 20th day of September in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety eight for that he, the said James Hilliar on the ----- day of ----- at Balabla, in the said Colony, did commit the abominable crime of buggery on one Kenneth Augustus McKenzie and the examination of all the witnesses on the part of the prosecution having been completed, and the depositions taken against the accused having been caused to be read to him by me, the said Justice, (by/or) before whom such examination has been so completed; and I, the said Justice, having also stated to the accused and given him clearly to understand that he has nothing to hope from any promise of favour, and nothing to fear from any threat which may have been holden out to him to induce him to make any admission or confession of his guilt, but that whatever he shall say may be given in evidence against him upon his trial, notwithstanding such promise or threat; and the said charge being read to the said James Hilliar, and the witnesses for the prosecution Kenneth Augustus McKenzie and John Donald McKenzie and Constable Thomas Cornelius Dixon being severally examined in his presence, the said James Hilliar is now addressed by me as follows:– “Having heard the evidence, do you wish to say anything in answer to the charge? You are not obliged to say anything unless you desire to do so; but whatever you say will be taken down in writing and may be given in evidence against you upon your trial;” whereupon the said James Hilliar saith as follows:– “I reserve my defence.”

Taken before me, at Grenfell, in the said Colony, the day and year first above mentioned.
[Signed] T Foley, PM.

12

G. 190.

REGINA.
versus
Hilliar

Offence,— Buggery one Kenneth Augustus McKenzie

    The accused stands committed to take his trial at the next Court of Criminal Sessions to be holden at Young, on the Third day of October 1898 . Bail allowed the accused in £ and two sureties in £ each, or one in £

[Signed] T Foley, PM & Thomas Bembrick, JP

JP.

Dated at the Police
Office, Grenfell
this 20th
day of September
AD 1898
4g 416 - 88

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(O. 1, 11 & 12 Vic., Cap. 42.)

Recognizance to give Evidence.

New South Wales,
TO WIT.                       }

Be it remembered, that on the 20th day of September in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty ninety eight Thomas Cornelius Dixon a Constable of the Police Force, Kenneth Augustus McKenzie of Thuddungra in the Colony of New South Wales, and John Donald McKenzie of Thuddungra in the said Colony, personally came before the undersigned, one of Her Majesty’s Justices of the Peace for the Colony of New South Wales, and acknowledged themselves to owe Our Sovereign Lady the Queen the sum of

FORTY POUNDS EACH,

of good and lawful money of Great Britain, to be made and levied on their Goods and Chattels, Lands and Tenements, to the use of our said Lady the Queen, her Heirs and Successors, if they the said before mentioned persons shall fail in the condition indorsed.

[Signed] Kenneth Augustus McKenzie per John D McKenzie.

[Signed] John D McKenzie Const, TC Dixon.

Taken and acknowledged, the day and year first above mentioned, at Grenfell in the said Colony, before me.
[Signed] TS Boileau JP.

The condition of the within written Recognizance is such, that whereas James Hilliar was this day charged before T Foley Esquire, PM and Thomas Bembrick Esquire, JP two of Her Majesty’s Justices of the Peace for the said Colony, with the abominable crime of buggery on one Kenneth Augustus McKenzie.

If therefore, they the before mentioned persons shall appear at the next Court of Criminal Sessions to be holden at Young in and for the Colony of New South Wales, on the 3rd day of October next, at nine of the clock in the forenoon, and then and there give such evidence as they know, upon an information to be then and there preferred against the said James Hilliar for the offence aforesaid, to the jurors who shall pass upon the trial of the said James Hilliar.

Then the said Recognizance to be void, or else to stand in full force and virtue.
[Signed] TS Boileau JP.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

[On the depositions’ cover sheet is the following]

Circuit Court.
Grafton
3rd October 1898
AG’s No. 231
Depositions.
CS’s No. 11
Regina
v.
James Hilliar
Committing an unnatural offence
Committed: at Grenfell
on: 20th September 1898

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

At Balabla
Buggery
(3 charges)
[Initialled] C[harles] G[regory] W[ade, Crown Prosecutor]
23/9/98

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

1st April
20th April
1st August

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The Burrangong Argus & Burrowa, Murrumborrah, & Marengo Gen Advertiser, Wed 12 Oct 1898 ¹⁹

[YOUNG] COURT OF ASSIZE.
————

ON Monday, 3rd October, a Court of Assize was opened at the Court House before His Honor Mr Justice Simpson; Mr Heydon, QC., being Crown Prosecutor.

    The Court was resumed on Thursday before Mr Justice Backhouse ²⁰ who had on the previous day been sworn in by the Executive as a Supreme Court Judge.
…

————
[Thursday 6 October]

UNNATURAL OFFENCE.

    James Hilliar was charged that he did at Balabla commit an unnatural offence, upon Steele Walter Spring, a boy of nine years of age.

    Accused pleaded not guilty, and conducted his own defence.

    Accused [James Hilliar] asked His Honor to postpone the case to another sitting, as he had not had time to prepare his defence; moreover the case had been much talked of and strong feeling aroused which would prejudice him receiving a fair trial. For this reason he would ask that the case be remanded to another Court.
The Judge said that accused should have filed an affidavit, and adjourned the case until 2 pm, in order to allow for the affidavit being filed, the case against Patrick Hines being heard in the meantime.

    After dinner.

    His Honor said that he would grant accused’s application on the first ground, namely that he had not had time to prepare his defence. He would not, however, order a change of venue, but accused could apply to the Attorney General. The grounds which the accused had set forth in support of his second request could be raised in almost every case brought on for trial.

    The accused said that he principally desired a change of venue, and if this was not granted he would withdraw his application.

    The case was then proceeded with, accused challenging nine jurymen.

    All ladies and children were ordered to leave the Court.

    There were two counts against the accused.

    Constable [Thomas Cornelius] Dickson [sic] deposed: I am stationed at Bimbi. On Saturday, September 3rd I received certain information. I went to Mr West’s place near Thuddungra. I met the accused before I reached the place. I asked him his name. I said “I want you to come with me to Mr West’s place as I want to ask you some questions.” He said, “All right.” We went to Mr West’s and had a conversation with the boy Spring. After that had a conversation with accused. I said, “Do you remember 19th August at the school?” He said, “Not particularly.” I said, “Did you keep the boy Spring in at recess time?” He said, “I may have.” I said, “Did you do anything out of the way to him?” He said, “No,” I the arrested him and charged him. I cautioned accused and he said, “I can’t reply to the charge, it’s not true.” I then took him to the Bimbi lockup.

    To accused: I was present when Dr Rygate examined the boy. I remember after the arrest accompanying you to your room. You pointed out a bottle of medicine to me. It was bromide of potassium. I believe the bottle you produce to be the bottle. The box produced by you is the one. You told me you were in the habit of taking the medicine.

    William Spring deposed: I am a farmer residing at Balabla. Know accused. Have known him for six or seven months. He has been teaching. The school is about one mile from our place. My children go to the school. One is named Steele Walter Spring. He is nine years of age.

    To accused: Up to the date of the alleged offence you bore a good character. You were a sober man. A Government school has been established at Balabla. A few days before your arrest I signed a petition to get you appointed. My boy did not make any complaint to me before I was told something. My boy did not appear to be ill. My boy did not appear unwilling to go to school. I am aware you are taking a certain medicine but I do not know what it was for.

    Steele Walter Spring, a fine, bright and intelligent lad of nine summers, answered questions showing that he was acquainted with the nature of an oath, was sworn, and deposed in clear voice– I live with my father at Balabla. Know the accused. Used to go to school to him. Was going to school in August last. We used to go out to play at 11 am and 2.30 pm. Remember being kept in. Accused said he would show me some sums. I remained in and the other children went out to play. I put the sum down. (Witness here described what took place, the particulars of which are unfit for publication). He told me he would cane me very hard if I told anybody. Whilst the offence was being committed the doors were shut. Accused shut them.

    To accused: The plan produced is a plan of the school. Witness here marked where the playground was. The children could see through the window covered with wire netting. If the children went to get a drink they would pass the wire netted window to go to the water casks, if they went the front way. They could have seen me if they looked through the wire netted window. The casks in the wall were large. There was one slab missed from the back wall. Did not see a girl come to the back wall and pick some grass. I think there were four girls at school that day. I think the eldest of them was 16. Don’t remember if there was one aged 18 there that day. The children were only allowed to drink during play time. You were teaching in the building about three months. Some of Mr West’s children went to the school. The school children had ten minutes play each time. I had been kept in before for not doing sums. When I was kept in before, when I had finished my sums you let me go. Remember being at the Police Court on September 20th. On the day on which the offence was committed, and after it was committed, I was kept in til play was over. When the children came in after play I don’t think I was crying. I spoke to Thomas West about it four or five days after the offence was committed. This was while I was there. Have not been to Sunday school. On Sunday I play rounders. I knew a long time ago that if I told lies I would be put in gaol and go to hell when I died.

    Dr Rygate deposed: I am a duly qualified medical practitioner, and a Government Medical Officer at Grenfell. Examined the boy Spring on September 6 at Grenfell, (the doctor described the result of his examination). The boy’s condition could have been brought about by such treatment as the boy described. It could have been brought about in other ways.

    To accused: Any smooth foreign body could have produced the result. The taking of bromide potassium would effect the sexual organs by decreasing the desire to a (certain ?) extent. It would tend to deaden (sexual ?) desire I believe the stuff produced (is ?) (bromide ?) of potash. It is generally (prescribed ?) for epilepsy. Bromide of potash (can ?) (lessen ?) the number of fits, but a (person ?) subject to fits is an incurable man. Taken (at ?) the rate of 30 grains a day, 2oz. would last 32 days. The bromide produced is in small crystals.

    The Crown Prosecutor: The effect of bromide varies in different people. A person taking 30 grains every day would have a rash. The rash would be visible. I have known one case where it did not produce a rash. This was an exceptional case and only case I have known. Enough bromide to destroy the desire would stupify.

    To accused: As long as you keep on taking the medicine the rash is apparent.

    This was the case for the Prosecution.

    For the defence.

    Thomas West deposed to accused: Am a farmer residing at Balabla. You resided at my house for about six mouths. I have bought some chemical for you. I have seen you taking some kind of medicine. I think the name was bromide of potassium. It was a sort of powder. I remember getting it for you once. This was I think about two months after you came to live with me. I got the bromide from Armstrong’s; I used to get a shillings worth at a time. You used to write down the article and I would hand the paper to the chemist. My name is on the bottle produced. Have not seen you mix some white powder with water in the bottle. I think I heard Bailey say he got you some bromide of potassium. Before the date of the alleged offence you bore a good character.

    Alfred Bailey deposed to accused. Live at Balabla. Resided with Mr West for about six months before 2ns September. I formerly held a selection near West’s place. I gave permission for you to use the house I had on the selection for a school. The house was built of slabs and iron. There were cracks in the slabs which could be seen through. I bought a powder for you from Mr Armstrong. I only got it for you once.

    Accused [James Hilliar] the addressed the bench but before he concluded asked leave to call another witness. His Honor granted the request.

    George Spring deposed: I reside at Balabla. Remember going to Young about February. I got some bromide of potassium for you at Armstrong’s. I got two lots – one at Armstrong’s and one at Barnett and Judge’s.

    Accused [James Hilliar] then continued his address.

    Mr Heydon did not reply.

    His Honor having summed up the jury retired and in a short time returned into Court with a verdict of

GUILTY.

upon the two counts.

    Accused was remanded for sentence.

    On being brought up for sentence on Friday His Honor asked if anything were known of the accused.

    The record showed that accused had served a sentence of six months on a charge of issuing valueless cheques, to which he had pleaded guilty. He was at the same time charged with committing an indecent assault upon a male person which charge was however withdrawn.

    His Honor said that accused had been found guilty, upon the clearest possible evidence, of committing an abominable offence, and he entirely agreed with the verdict. The wrong which had been done the child was an irreparable one and if he, His Honor, did not inflict a heavy sentence he would be wanting in his duty. The sentence was that for the first count accused be kept at penal servitude for seven years and on the second count, five years, the sentences to be concurrent.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

James Hilliar, Gaol photo sheet ²¹

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Gaol Photo Sheet - Transcribed Details

No. 379
Berrima

Date when Portrait was taken: 19-10-1898

Name: James Hilliar
(aka James Hillar; Justin Charles Hilder)

Native place: England Year of birth: 1853 Arrived       Ship: Windsor Castle in Colony }   Year: 1872 Trade or occupation previous to conviction      } School teacher Religion: Church of England Education, degree of: Read &Write Height: 5' 6¾" Weight     On committal: in lbs     } On discharge: Colour of hair: Black Colour of eyes: Blue

Marks or special features: Faint tattoo marks left forearm. Scar on right shin

(No. of previous Portrait .. 1189 Bathurst) CONVICTIONS
Where and When				Offence.	Sentence
Forbes Q.S Young CC ditto Barraba PC Cowra PC  Wyalong PC Bathurst PC Moruya PC Temora PC	7   6   6   2   8   7 27   9 20	7 10 10   9   1   5   1   3   7	1897 1898 1898 1904 1906 1907 1908 1908 1908	False Pretences (2 charges) (1) Buggery  (2) Indecent assault on a male person False pretence 2 charges False pretences  ditto Drunk False pretences Drunk	6 months H.L. on each charge. Concurrent (1) 7 years P.S. (2) 5 years P.S.  |  Concurrent 3 months HL £10 or 3 months HL | Accumulative £2 or 14 days HL £5 or 3 weeks HL 12/6 or 3 days HL. Paid fine £5-6-0 or 2 months HL 2/6 or Rising of Court

 

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Justin Claude Hilder, 1904

The Barraba and Manilla News, Sat 3 Sep 1904 ²²

LOCAL AND GENERAL.
———◦———

…

It’s Sighted!

    At the local Police Court this (Friday) morning, before the PM, and W Smart, Esq, JP, Justin Claude Hilder was charged with uttering a valueless cheque with intent to defraud. Accused pleaded not guilty and elected to be dealt with summarily. After a deal of evidence had been taken the Bench found accused guilty and sentenced him to three months hard labor in Tamworth gaol. A second charge against accused was dismissed.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The Muswellbrook Chronicle, Sat 17 Sep 1904 ²³

GENERAL NEWS.
———◦———

…
    At the Barraba Police Court, last week, Justin Claude Hilder was sentenced to three months’ hard labor in Tamworth gaol for uttering a valueless cheque with intent to defraud. He was also sentenced to three months for practising as a medical man, under the Medical Act .

 

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Frank West, 1906

Cowra Free Press, Thu 11 Jan 1906 ²⁴

POLICE COURT.
————
Monday.
Before Mr JT West, JP.

    Frank West [aka Justin Claude Hilder] (on remand). Obtaining goods to the value of £1 from Geo Lockyer by means of a false pretence.

    Constable Boatwright gave evidence as to arrest, and Constable Ffrench produced the order which accused gave to Mr Lockyer.

    George Lockyer deposed he was a hotelkeeper, and resided att Holmwood; the accused came to his hotel on the night of the 27th December, and in the morning asked for and obtained his account, which came to 15s; he told witness to give the groom 2s, and that would bring the amount up to 17s; accused then said “I represent the “Daily Telegraph,” and they will pay my expenses,” and he handed witness an order for £1; witness said “What does this mean?” accused replied “Oh, that is the usual way. I get so much salary and my expenses are paid. That slip will be filed against me, and will be made up afterwards,” witness replied “There will be 3s change;” accused replied “Oh, never mind the change. Give me a flask of brandy, and I and my two friends will have a drink and cut out the 3s,” witness gave him the flask of brandy, and the three drinks on the strength of the order he had previously given; accused enclosed the order, with the receipt slip in an envelope addressed to the “Daily Telegraph” Sydney, and witness posted it; as a result of a communication received from the “Daily Telegraph,” refusing to pay the £1 on that order. He caused a warrant to be issued against the accused.

    To accused: I saw you several times subsequent to receiving the order and I did not post it until December 29th. If you had handed me £1 in cash on the 29th December, I would have accepted the amount in payment of what was owing; I would then have accepted £1 and returned you the order.

    To the bench: On December 29th I had not received any word from the “Daily Telegraph; on that date accused got a flask of brandy, and other drinks to the amount of 7s 6d, and he has not paid the amount; he said he would send me a postal note, and I told him he could bring the money the next time he came along.

    Accused admitted that the order on the “Daily Telegraph” was given by him to complainant, and that it was valueless, but he based his defence on the fact that the order was not given until after the goods were obtained, and that, therefore, they were not obtained by means of a false pretence.

    Fined £2 or 14 days hard labour in Cowra gaol. One week granted in which to pay the fine, on finding one surety in £2, and self in a like amount.

 

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Justin Claude Hilder, 1907

The West Wyalong Advocate and Mining, Agricultural and Pastoral Gazette, Sat 11 May 1907 ²⁵

POLICE COURT.
———◦———
Monday, May 7th.
————
(Before Mr Gibson, PM.)

    Justin Claude Hilder was charged that he did by means of a valueless cheque attempt to obtain from William Wheeler, the sum of 15s, with intent to defraud.

    He pleaded not guilty, and was undefended.

    For the prosecution, Constable McDonough said—Yesterday morning at 9.15 saw accused in Slee-street, Wyalong. Said to him ‘What is your name?’ He said, ‘Hilder.’ He admitted being at West Wyalong about three months ago under the name of Professor Bridges. Said, ‘Do you remember being at Wheeler’s Hotel about 10 months ago and tendering him a cheque?’ He said, ‘Yes, if there is any charge against me, I will refuse to answer any questions to answer any questions likely to incriminate me.’ Then arrested him.. On the way to the lock-up he said, ‘I do not remember anything about the cheque.’ This morning he said, ‘I now remember all about that cheque.’

    William Wheeler deposed—Am an hotelkeeper and know accused. He was at my place on 24th July last. He said he represented the ‘Sydney Morning Herald,’ and was going to write up the mining and agricultural industry. He had drinks during the evening and more in the morning, which he did not pay for. It came to 5s. He said, ‘I will pay for them if you give me a blank cheque.’ I did so, and he filled it in for £1. It was on the West Wyalong bank of the Bank of NSW. Asked him if he had an account there. He said yes, and that he had opened it the previous afternoon. Said, ‘You could not have done so, as you did not leave the hotel.’ He said, ‘Fairfax and Sons have paid £10 into my account.’ Mr Angwin, manager of the bank, was at the hotel at the time, and I handed him the cheque to cash. Hilder said, ‘I am certain the money is alright. I have engaged Mr Crowley to drive me about and require the change for expenses during the day. Did not give him the change, and he got in the sulky and drove off.

    To accused—Am certain that you told me that you represented the ‘SM Herald.’ The police have instituted these proceedings.

    Richard T Angwin deposed—Am manger of the Bank of NSW, at West Wyalong. Remember getting a cheque from Mr Wheeler. It was presented to me for cash. There were no funds to meet it. Had a conversation with accused about the cheque. Said to him, ‘I am manger of the bank. You have no right to issue a cheque on the West Wyalong bank.’ He said, ‘There is money coming to me from Fairfax & Sons.’ Said, ‘You are likely to get into trouble.’ The next day he called at the bank and said to the teller, ‘I want to leave my signature so that I can open an account. There is money coming to me.’ The teller said, ‘It is time enough when the money comes; go in and see the manger.’ He asked me for a blank cheque and I refused. He then left and shortly returned and said to the teller, ‘That is alright, I have telegraphed down to my people, the money will arrive. I will leave my signature now.’ He was about to argue with the teller, when I ordered him out. He was partly under the influence on the second occasion. I found out that no telegram had been sent as alleged, and no money has since been paid in.

    Accused [Justin Claude Hilder] made a statement to the effect that he had no intent to defraud. He was drinking at the time, and did not remember the circumstances till the previous evening, when it all came back to him. He had since represented the ‘SM Herald’ at various places. Had there come into contact with the police, and though in a position to pay, had never been approached about the matter. He elected to be summarily dealt and pleaded for leniency.

    Accused was fined £4, or three weeks’ imprisonment.

 

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Justin Claude Hilder, 1908

The Bathurst Daily Argus, Tue 28 Jan 1908 ²⁶

LOCAL AND GENERAL.
———◦———

…

DRUNKS.

    At the Police Court yesterday the Police Magistrate had three offenders before him, John McGregor was fined 5s for drunkenness. Patrick Hastings and Justin Claude Hilder were each fined 10s with the alternative of three days’ imprisonment for drunkenness. Patrick Hastings, for using indecent language was also find 40s in default 14 days’ imprisonment.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The Braidwood Dispatch and Mining Journal, Sat 14 Mar 1908 ²⁷

LOCAL NEWS.
———◦———

…
    WORTHLESS CHEQUE.—Justin Claude Hilder was charged at the Moruya police court on Monday with having obtained an umbrella at Emmort’s store of the value of 10s,, in payment of which he gave a cheque on the Bank of New South Wales, Moruya, for £1 13s 6d, which on presentation at the bank was dishonored. Prisoner, who was arrested by Sergeant Caldwell, was fined £5 and 6s costs of court, in default two months’ imprisonment in Braidwood gaol. Falling payment he was brought here in custody on Wednesday and lodged in the gaol.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The Sydney Morning Herald, Thu 15 Oct 1908 ²⁸

POOR PRISONERS DEFENCE ACT
———◦———
REMARKS BY A JUDGE.
———
NEED FOR AMENDMENT.
———

Bathurst, Wednesday.

    When Justin Claude Hilder was arraigned before the Circuit Court to-day on a charge of false pretences he pleaded not guilty, and asked for legal assistance in his defence. He was nervous and excitable, and unable to conduct his own defence.

    Mr Justice Simpson said that this application should have been made to the governor of the gaol.

    The prisoner replied that he had applied six weeks before to the sheriff, and had received a reply that he must make his application to the Judge.

    Mr Maybury, the sheriff, informed his Honor that he had forwarded a letter to the Attorney-General.

    His Honor said that at Dubbo a similar application had been made to him, and he then expressed the opinion that the governors of gaols should inform prisoners under committal of the provision of the Poor Prisoners’ Defence Act , under which prisoners had the privilege of applying to the magistrate who committed prisoner for trial, and this application would be forwarded to the Inspector of Prisons. It was inconvenient for these applications to be made to a Judge when the case was called on. The Act provided that application could be made at any time before a jury was sworn to the committing magistrate, Judge, or Chairman of the Quarter Sessions, for legal aid, if the prisoner was without adequate funds. If it was shown to be in the interest of justice and if deemed requisite a certificate could be forwarded to the Attorney-General, who would make the necessary provision. If the applications were not made before the case came before a Judge it would cause delay. He would decline to inquire into the facts of the case until evidence was brought before him at the trial. This was a very desirable Act, but it was extraordinarily worded, and he respectfully suggested its amendment. He noticed Mr JC Gannon in court, and hoped he would act upon the suggestion.

    As this prisoner had been committed for trial at Bathurst the police magistrate (Mr McKell) was asked to hear the application. Mr McKell having held an inquiry declined to issue a certificate to the Attorney-General.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The Sydney Morning Herald, Fri 16 Oct 1908 ²⁹

COUNTRY NEWS.
———◦———

…

CIRCUIT COURTS.
————

Bathurst, Thursday.

    At the Circuit Court,
…
    Justin Claude Hilder was charged with obtaining money by means of false pretences from James Kessey, at Mount David. Accused was found guilty. The prison record showed that the prisoner had been convicted six times previously of false pretences within the past 11 years. He was remanded for sentence.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Evening News, Tue 20 Oct 1908 ³⁰

BATHURST CIRCUIT COURT.
————

    At the Bathurst Circuit Court, Judge Simpson passed sentence on a number of prisoners convicted last week.
…
    Justin Claude Hilder, journalist, found guilty on two charges of passing valueless cheques, on a hotelkeeper at Mount Druitt, was sentenced to nine months’ imprisonment on each charge, the sentences to be cumulative.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Justin Claude Hilder, Gaol photo sheet ³¹

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Gaol Photo Sheet - Transcribed Details

No. 1025
Parramatta

Date when Portrait was taken: 12th November 1908

Name: Justin Claude Hilder
(aka Justin Charles Hilder, Clarence Justin Hilder, James Hilliar,
James Hillar, Ferdinand West, Frederick Bridges)

Native place: England Year of birth: 3 Jan 1848 Arrived       Ship: Windsor Castle in Colony }   Year: 1878 Trade or occupation previous to conviction  } Journalist Religion: C of E Education, degree of: R & W Height: 5' 7½" Weight     On committal: 142 in lbs     } On discharge: Colour of hair: Brown Colour of eyes: Blue

Marks or special features: Faint tattoo marks left forearm. Scar on right shin

(No. of previous Portrait .. 379 Berrima, 1189 Bathurst) CONVICTIONS
Where and When				Offence.	Sentence
Forbes Q.S Young CC ditto Barraba PC Cowra PC  Temora PC Wyalong PC Bathurst PC Moruya PC Bathurst CC	7   6   6   2   8 20   7 27   9 15	7 10 10   9   1   7   5   1   3 10	1897 1898 1898 1904 1906 1906 1907 1908 1908 1908	False Pretences (2 charges) Sodomy  Indecent assault on a male person False pretences Falsely pretending to be a medical practitioner False pretences Drunk False pretences Drunk False pretences False Pretences (2 charges)	6 months H.L. on each charge. Con 7 years P.S. 5 years P.S.  |  Concurrent 3 months HL £10 or 3 months HL | Acc £2 or 14 days HL 2/6 or Rising of the Court £5 or 21 days HL 12/6 or 3 days LL. paid fine £5-6-0 or 2 months HL 3 months HL 3 months HL  | Acc

 

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¹     Evening News, (Sydney, NSW), Sat 30 Dec 1882, p. 5.

²     The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, Thu 3 Apr 1884, pp. 6, 7.

³     The Daily Telegraph, Tue 25 Jan 1887, p. 3.

⁴     The Sydney Morning Herald, Tue 25 Jan 1887, p. 4. Emphasis added.

⁵     The Mercury, Mon 14 Aug 1899, p. 4.

“NEW SOUTH WALES.

…

August 9.

…
       The death of Mr EC Westlake, well known as a journalist both in Melbourne and Sydney, took place at Manly to-day. Mr Westlake, whose demise was caused by an internal complaint, was 47 years of age, and was a native of Channel Islands. He was associated with journalism for years, both in London and Sheffield . About 1879 he came to Australia, and joint the staff of the Argus, subsequently going to the Age, where he was sub-editor for some time, and later in Sydney he became sub-editor of the Globe, an evening paper, and afterwards joined the staff of the Daily Telegraph as assistant sub-editor. In December, 1897, he became part proprietor of the Wagga Express. He, however, relinquished his interest in that journal 12 months ago, and was engaged by the Australian Star as sub-editor, remaining in that capacity until increasing ill-health rendered his further discharge of the duties impossible.”

⁶     The Sydney Morning Herald, Wed 2 Feb 1887, p. 9.

⁷     Queanbeyan Age, Thu 3 Feb 1887, p. 2.

⁸     The Sydney Morning Herald, Tue 5 Apr 1887, p. 6.

⁹     The Daily Telegraph, Wed 6 Apr 1887, p. 3.

¹⁰   The Sydney Morning Herald, Wed 6 Apr 1887, p. 11.

¹¹   Evening News, (Sydney, NSW), Sat 15 May 1897, p. 4.

¹²   Evening News, (Sydney, NSW), Thu 8 Jul 1897, p. 4.

¹³   The Sydney Morning Herald, Thu 8 Jul 1897, p. 5. Emphasis added.

¹⁴   Forbes and Parkes Gazette, Fri 9 Jul 1897, pp. 2, 3.

¹⁵   Forbes and Parkes Gazette, Tue 13 Jul 1897, pp. 2, 3. Emphasis added.

¹⁶   SRNSW: NRS1998, [3/13077], Bathurst Photograph description books, 1 Jan 1893-31 Dec 1898, No. 1189, pp. 70, 71, R5091.

¹⁷   The Grenfell Recorder and Lachlan District Advertiser, Sat 24 Sep 1898, p. 2.

¹⁸   SRNSW: NRS880, [9/6971], Supreme Court, Papers and depositions, Young, 1898, No. 231. Emphasis added.

¹⁹   The Burrangong Argus & Burrowa, Murrumborrah, & Marengo General Advertiser, Wed 12 Oct 1898, p. 4. Emphasis added.

²⁰   Justice Alfred Paxton Backhouse notebooks could not be located at SRNSW.

²¹   SRNSW: NRS2021, [3/6017], Berrima Gaol photographic description book, 1888-1907, No. 379, p. 43, R5093. Emphasis added.

²²   The Barraba and Manilla News, Sat 3 Sep 1904, p. 2.

²³   The Muswellbrook Chronicle, (NSW), Sat 17 Sep 1904, p. 1.

²⁴   Cowra Free Press, Thu 11 Jan 1906, p. 2. Emphasis added.

²⁵   The West Wyalong Advocate and Mining, Agricultural and Pastoral Gazette, (NSW), Sat 11 May 1907, p. 4. Emphasis added.

²⁶   The Bathurst Daily Argus, Tue 28 Jan 1908, p. 2. Emphasis added.

²⁷   The Braidwood Dispatch and Mining Journal, Sat 14 Ma 1908, p. 2.

²⁸   The Sydney Morning Herald, Thu 15 Oct 198, p. 13.

²⁹   The Sydney Morning Herald, Fri 16 Oct 198, p. 11.

³⁰   Evening News, (Sydney, NSW), Tue 20 Oct 1908, p. 3.

³¹   SRNSW: NRS2397, [3/6011], Parramatta gaol photographic description book, 29 Aug 1905-11 Nov 1909, No. 1025, p. 192.

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